Anti-inflammatory Relief
Researchers investigated the therapeutic efficacy of anthocyanins, primarily C-3-G, in an experimental model of lung inflammation in rats. After inducing an inflammatory response in the lungs (characterized by fluid accumulation containing a large number of white blood cells) as well as oxidative effects, researchers administered anthocyanins, which exerted “multiple protective effects” against lung inflammation and pleurisy.
Do they Protect the Brain
The brain-protective effects of anthocyanins and other flavonoids is the subject of intense scientific interest and a growing amount of research. In order for the powerful antioxidant effects of anthocyanins to protect the brain directly, these compounds must be able to cross the blood-brain barrier, a special membrane that limits the passage of substance from the blood into the central nervous system. A 2003 study explored the potential of anthocyanins and their metabolites to cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain’s cells. Their research showed that several flavonoids, including cyanidin-3-rutinoside, were taken up by brain cells in mice and rats.
Prevention of Ulcers
Researchers have studied the effects anthocyanins, with and without the antibiotic clarithromycin, on Helicobacter pylori, the organism thought to be a primary cause or contributing factor to most stomach and small intestinal ulcers. Since H. pylori can become resistant to clarithromycin and other antibiotics, alternative treatments are desirable. In one study, anthocyanin-rich berry extracts significantly inhibited H. pylori and also increased susceptibility of the organism to clarithromycin.
Cancer Fighting Results are Strong
Anthocyanins present in many edible berries possess a wide spectrum of therapeutic and cancer-fighting properties. These natural antioxidants repair and protect the integrity of DNA. As we age, the cumulative effects of oxidation take their toll on our bodies, and this is seen in many of the telltale signs of aging, but also in an incidence of various cancers. Cancer prevention is one of the more exciting and well-studied areas of research on anthocyanins. Several different body systems and cancer types have been studied in this regard, and anthocyanins are yielding very exciting results on almost all fronts.
In animal and test-tube studies, anthocyanins are proving to be potentially powerful allies in the fight against colon cancer. (Other than skin cancer, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer found in men and women in the United States.) In test-tube studies, anthocyanins were more effective than other flavonoids at inhibiting the growth of human intestinal carcinoma cells. In another study, colon cancer cells were inhibited by anthocyanin-containing berry extracts.
In animal research, tart cherry extracts, rich in many of the same anthocyanins as are found in acai, inhibited development of intestinal tumors in mice, suggesting that anthocyanins may reduce the risk of intestinal cancer. Freeze-dried black raspberries, purple corn, purple sweet potato, and purple cabbage have all been shown to inhibit chemically induced colon tumors in rats. In other research, the anthocyanins appeared to specifically target cancerous cells, but left noncancerous cells alone.
How Does It Do It
Little is known about the anticancer mechanisms of action of anthocyanins. However, two mechanisms have been elucidated in recent research: protection of DNA and inhibition of angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation). By protecting DNA from oxidative damage, antioxidants (and anthocyanins in particular) halt one of the initiating processes in the cascade of cellular dysfunction that leads to cancer. The effects of several anthocyanins against experimentally induced DNA damage were evaluated in a liver cancer study of rats. Anthocyanins were found to be protective against cellular toxicity, DNA strand breaks, and oxidative damage. In another study, rats were maintained on vitamin E-deficient diets for twelve weeks in order to enhance susceptibility to oxidative damage and were then given rations containing a highly purified anthocyanin-rich extract. Consumption of the anthocyanin-rich diet significantly improved blood antioxidant capacity and decreased damaging products of oxidation in the liver.
Angiogenesis is the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels, which is a normal part of wound healing and growth and development in general. However, angiogenesis is also a key step in the transition of tumors from a dormant state to a malignant state. Inhibition of abnormal angiogenesis is thus emerging as one of the more important therapeutic tools of cancer prevention now being explored in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical studies. Many botanical and nutritional agents have been tested for their anti-angiogenic capacity, including anthocyanins. In 2004, researchers at Creighton University demonstrated that berry anthocyanins prevent angiogenesis. This research, together with at least four earlier studies, suggests that angiogenesis inhibition is one of the important mechanisms by which anthocyanins fight cancer.
Read Part 3 Here